Category: Today

On Jan. 31, 1865, the United States Congress proposed the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, submitting it to the states for ratification. The Amendment’s main section reads: “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”

On Jan. 31, 1990, the first McDonald’s fast food restaurant opens in the Soviet Union. Having once traveled to Moscow, I’m exceedingly thankful for this.

On Jan. 30, 1948, Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi, known for his non-violent, non-cooperation struggle for freedom and national independence, was assassinated by a Hindu extremist.

On Jan. 30, 1956, Martin Luther King, Jr.’s home was bombed in retaliation for his work on the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

On Jan. 30, 1972, British soldiers killed fourteen unarmed civil rights marchers in Northern Ireland in what came to be known as “Bloody Sunday.” Soldiers shot 26 unarmed protesters and bystanders – 13 males, seven of whom were teenagers, died immediately, while another man died of his injuries nearly five months later. In the immediate aftermath, an investigation by the British Government largely cleared the soldiers and British authorities of blame. A second investigation begun in 1998, released a report in 2010 declaring that all of those shot were unarmed, and that the killings were both “unjustified and unjustifiable.”

On Jan. 29, 1861, Kansas entered the Union as the 34th state and as “free state.” The struggle between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas was a preview to the bloodshed of the Civil War. In 1854, Kansas was organized as a territory with popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery. Both sides drafted constitutions and the political battle erupted in massive violence that earned the area the name “Bleeding Kansas.” The violence continued through the Civil War. In 1863, pro-slavery forces burned Lawrence to the ground, murdering nearly 200 men.

On Jan. 29, 1964, Stanley Kubrick’s black comic masterpiece, “Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb” opened in theaters to both critical and popular acclaim. The movie’s popularity was evidence of changing attitudes toward the concept of nuclear deterrence. And it was very funny.

On Jan. 28, 1981, President Ronald Reagan lifted the federal government’s remaining domestic petroleum price and allocation controls in the United States, helping to end the 1979 energy crisis and begin the 1980s oil glut.

On Jan. 27, 1973, President Richard Nixon’s Secretary of Defense, Melvin R. Laird, announced an end to the military draft in favor of a system of voluntary enlistment. Since 1973, the United States armed forces have been known as the All-Volunteer Force. However, the Selective Service System, the federal agency that would administer a military draft, continues to be funded and American males continue to be forced to register for the draft.

On Jan. 26, 1945, Soviets troops entered the network of Nazi concentration camps in Auschwitz, Poland, freeing the survivors and revealing to the world the horrors perpetrated there. Auschwitz was a group of three major camps and 40 smaller “satellite” camps. At Auschwitz II, or Birkenau, established in October 1941, the SS created a complex of 300 prison barracks, four “bathhouses” where prisoners were gassed, and cremating ovens. When the Red Army arrived, they found 648 corpses and more than 7,000 starving survivors, as well as storehouses filled with hundreds of thousands of women’s dresses, men’s suits, and shoes that the Germans did not have time to burn.

On Jan. 25, 1945, the Battle of the Bulge, a major German offensive launched toward the end of World War II through the densely forested Ardennes mountain region of Wallonia in Belgium, and France and Luxembourg on the Western Front, came to an end. Allied reinforcements, including General Patton’s Third Army, along with better weather, which permitted air attacks on German forces and supply lines, sealed the failure of the offensive. The Battle of the Bulge was the largest and bloodiest engagement that Americans fought in World War II, with 840,000 men committed to the battle, and 89,000 casualties, including 19,000 killed.

On Jan. 24, 1984, the first Apple Macintosh computer went on sale. Earlier this month, Apple, Inc.’s value on the stock exchange rose to $400 billion – more than the value of the entire national economy of Greece.

On Jan. 24, 1965, Winston Churchill died in London at the age of 90. As Prime Minister, Churchill led Great Britain through the Second World War. He later won a Nobel Prize for Literature for his six-part history of the war. In 1946, Churchill warned about the danger of Soviet communism, saying in a speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, that “an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.“

On Jan. 23, 1737, John Hancock, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, president of the Second Continental Congress, the first and third Governor of Massachusetts and, most importantly, a major financier of the revolutionary cause, was born in Braintree, Massachusetts.

On Jan. 23, 1943, Montgomery’s 8th Army captured Tripoli, Libya, from the German-Italian Panzer Army. On the same day, Australian and American forces defeated the Japanese army in Papua. This turning point in the Pacific War marked the beginning of the end of Japanese aggression.

On Jan. 23, 1964, the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, prohibiting the use of poll taxes in federal elections, was ratified. At the time of passage, five states still imposed a poll tax: Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia. The amendment made the poll tax unconstitutional at the federal level, however, not until the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections in 1966, were poll taxes for state elections officially declared unconstitutional.

On Jan. 22, 1944, Operation Shingle, an Allied amphibious landing against Axis forces in the area of Anzio and Nettuno, Italy, began. The resultant combat during this part of World War II’s Italian Campaign became known as the Battle of Anzio.

On Jan. 22, 1980, Andrei Sakharov, the Soviet physicist who helped build the Soviet Union’s hydrogen bomb, was arrested in Moscow after criticizing the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan. He was subsequently stripped of his scientific honors and banished to the remote city of Gorky. Sakharov’s exile to Gorky ended in 1986, when Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev allowed his return to Moscow. In 1969, an essay Sakharov wrote attacking the arms race and Soviet political repression had been smuggled out of the USSR and published in The New York Times. In 1975, he became the first Soviet to win the Nobel Peace Prize.