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Immanuel Kant

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“The civil state regarded purely as a lawful state, is based on the following a priori principles:

  • The freedom of every member of society as a human being.
  • The equality of each with all the others as a subject.
  • The independence of each member of a commonwealth as a citizen.

“These principles are not so much laws given by an already established state, as laws by which a state can alone be established in accordance with pure rational principles of external human right. ”


Immanuel Kant, Theory and Practice (1791)

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